Questions On An Argument On The Existence Of A Prime...

Part 1: Clarifying an Argument State the argument you find in Passage 1 in explicit premise-and-conclusion form. PASSAGE 1: (P1) Every event must have a cause. (P2) An infinite series of events is inconceivable. (P3) There must be a first cause. (C1) The first cause must have at least been the originator of the universe. (C2) The first cause is God. PASSAGE 2: Nagel’s Counterargument (P1) Positing the existence of a first cause does not explain away the infinite regression of events. (P2) If God is self-caused, then there are no limits to what can be self-caused. (P3) If everything must have a cause, so must God. (C1) The existence of the world and the vast matrix of events that occur every day do not necessitate the existence of a prime mover, or creator (or God). Part 2: Clarifying an Objection to an Argument State in your own words and as concisely as possible what you take Nagel s objection in Passage 2 to mean. Your task is not only to explain Nagel s words but also to show how they bear on the argument in Passage 1. What is it, exactly, about the argument that Nagel is objecting to, which premise or inference does he reject? I believe Nagel is saying that if every event must have a cause, the infinite chain of events presumably necessitated by this logic in fact follows, assuming one’s acceptance of the mathematical concept of infinity. Ergo, there does not have to be a God or even a first cause, as the cosmological argumentShow MoreRelatedSuccess of Aquinas’s Cosmological Argument872 Words   |  4 Pagescosmological argument is a posteriori argument that Aquinas uses to prove the existence of God. Aquinas argues that, â€Å"Nothing can move itself, so whatever is in motion must be put in motion by another, and that by another again. But this causal loop cannot go on to infinity, so if every object in motion had a mover, there must be a first mover which is the unmoved mover, called God.† (Aquinas, Question 2, Article 3). I do agree with Aquinas’s cosmological argument in proving the existence of God with severalRead MoreThe Various Forms of the Cosmological Argument for the Existence of God1561 Words   |  7 PagesThe Various Forms of the Cosmological Argument for the Existence of God The cosmological argument is a well established argument for the existence of God and it is also known as the first cause argument. The cosmological argument is based upon the belief that there is a first cause behind the existence of universe and this was God. It has taken many forms and in the past has been presented in many ways. So many philosophers have put their points across, philosophers like; Read MoreDoes God Exist? Essay1972 Words   |  8 Pagesof philosophy consists of so many unanswered questions. One such question is whether or not God exists. This is the very question that has grasped the imagination of humanity since the birth of reason, and the same question that has plagued scientists and philosophers without coming close to an accepted conclusion. God is a word that means different things to different people. The definition for God, according to most monotheistic religions is the creator and ruler of the universe, and the source ofRead MoreExplain the Teleological Arguments for the Existence of God Essay1268 Words   |  6 PagesTeleological arguments The word teleological originates from the Greek ‘telos’ meaning end or purpose. It infers the existence of God from a particular aspect or character of the world, namely the presence of order, regularity and purpose, and thus, is most commonly known as the design argument; it postulates the idea of a designer for all that has been designed. As its name suggests, the teleological argument attempts to seek the ultimate end or purpose. Furthermore, the teleological argument holdsRead MoreThis essay will be examining the key arguments for the existence of God, in order to discuss the3100 Words   |  13 Pageskey arguments for the existence of God, in order to discuss the claim that â€Å"it is wrong to believe in anything without sufficient evidence†- with reference to the non-existence of God. It will be exploring both a priori and an a posteriori argument for the existence of God. It will solely be concentrating on the Theological argument, Cosmological argument and the Ontological argument, in order, to analyse their significance and contribution in vindicating the claim for the existence of God. TheRead MoreNaturalism Versus Christianity3872 Words   |  16 Pagesand human nature. In these areas that Naturalism fails, Christianity succeeds by offering a valid alternative. Christianity then can further establish itself as a superior worldview by offering convincing arguments such as ontological, cosmol ogical, argument for design, argument that shows God as the source of morality. As demonstrated through a proper logical analysis, Christianity is a superior worldview when compared to Naturalism. Summary of Naturalism Naturalism defines its basic definitionRead More Ontological Argument Essay2922 Words   |  12 Pages Most people have not witnessed or experienced God and therefore are confused about its existence. In Western theology, three theories have emerged to demonstrate the existence of God. These theories are the ontological argument, the cosmological argument, and the teleological argument. St. Anselm of eleventh century, and Descartes of seventeenth century, have used the ontological argument for proving the existence of God. The God, for them, is supreme, quot;needing nothing outside himself, butRead MoreExistence of God Argumentative Paper2119 Words   |  9 Pagesof arguments for the existence of God. With each argument there is a conception presented of God. For each argument there are different approaches. I will be focusing on the Cosmological and Teleological Arguments. Teleological Arguments are known to be arguments from divine, arguing from order in the universe to the existence of God (1).With the ordering of the universe, created by an intelligent being, they hold that it is ordered towards a purpose or an end. The Cosmological Argument â€Å"isRead MoreDoes Science Make The Belief? God Obsolete? Essay2124 Words   |  9 Pages1) â€Å"Does Science Make the Belief in God Obsolete?† by Kenneth Miller and Christopher Hitchens debate with no date of the discussion. 2) Biology professor Kenneth Miller’s central argument is that science should not undermine one’s faith in God. â€Å"Science itself does not contradict the hypothesis of God.† He makes this argument by stating that science explains the things that God has made and in doing so, trying to prove the existence of God through natural or scientific means does notRead MoreThe Nature Of The African Landscape10552 Words   |  43 Pagesnature of the African landscape has been depicted in Heart of Darkness. Questions such as 1.) How the Orientalist others the foreign landscape 2.) What is the psychological influence of the African landscape on the European colonisers? 3.) Does the psychological influenceon the Whites similar to that of the Blacks? 4.) And, what are the consequences of that psychological influence on the White invaders and the natives? These arguments are presented in ascending order of importance. I will study the colonial

Altruism And Egoism A Moral Code Of Conduct - 1417 Words

In psychology, altruism and egoism are two contrasting views on morality, one holding that one should value principles/actions that benefit others over oneself, the other holding that not only are we innately selfish species, but that selfishness is how one ought to act. While both theories of morality are prevalent throughout history and cultures around the world, I will be examining the two sides of egoism: physiological and ethical, and how these can be connected to altruism. These theories are essential because they provide a foundation, development and a further understanding of one’s needs. Psychological egoism is defined as the belief that the actions we perform actions for our self-benefit. In my opinion, egoism should not be looked at as a moral code of conduct that carries a negative connotation. Everyday we perform selfish actions for our self-benefit, we work for a wage, which in turn provides for ourselves and our families, if we choose to have one. It is impossible to go throughout our lives and not perform a single selfish action. In fact, it is because of our selfishness that we have survived as a species. According to the biologist Richard Dawkins, â€Å"The ruthless and selfishness of the genes make them able to procreate copies of themselves; this is the basis of the evolution†( http://old.unipr.it). Psychological egoism can lead to acts that not only benefit the individual but also the group. For example, if someone volunteers their time at a homelessShow MoreRelatedEthics Essay772 Words   |  4 PagesWhat does Rachels’s â€Å"minimum conception of morality† consist of? Morality is, at the very least, the effort to guide one’s conduct by reason-while giving equal weight to the interests of each individual affected by one’s decision. Reason and impartiality consist stuff 7. What are five common features of Cultural Relativism? 1.Different societies have different moral codes. 2. 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Thus, ethics can be consider as a set of moral rules practiced by a group of people or community. The origin of word Ethics is greece, derived from the word ‘ethikos’, meaning habit. The theories of ethics and its principles are the standing pillars of ethical analysis. These ethical theories areRead MoreThe Price Good Men Pay For Indifference3633 Words   |  15 Pagesindividuals, inclusive of interactions in business. An ethical dilemma can be defined as an instance where moral considerations are pertinent and have the possibility to escalate to an ethical dilemma. For instance a decision or situation that morally requires two or more courses of action that are conflicting or a decision that should be taken in self interest but can intrude upon a moral principle. 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Justification And Weaknesses Of Non

Justification And Weaknesses Of Non-Interpretive Essay Justification and Weaknesses of the Non-Interpretive Model Brief: Justification and Weaknesses of the Non-Interpretive Model The question of Constitutional interpretation still has yet to be resolved. Should only the explicit commands of our nations Founding Fathers be referenced in courts of law, or can it be justified that an outside body should extrapolate from the specific text of the Constitution to define and defend additional fundamental rights? Further, if this body, namely the Supreme Court, bases its decisions of constitutional relevance not wholly on exact interpretation, then regardless of reason, are they wholly illegitimate? The non-interpretive model allows the Court to interpret beyond the exact wording of the Constitution to define and protect the values of a society. The question of how the non-interpretative model can be justified must be answered. Despite much remaining confusion between the two models, it is clear that history has chosen the non-interpretative model without which many of the defining points in our nations history would be unjustified. The overwhelming strength of the non-interpretive model is that it has allowed for many fundamental decisions that have served to protect the natural rights of the members of this society. If on the other hand the interpretive model is to be accepted, a significant number of decisions must be revoked. Briefly, the majority of the due process clause is no longer justified. Fair criminal and civil procedures must be dismantled since they have no specific textual reference in the Constitution. Freedom of speech, religion, and property rights are all called in question. Also affected is the legitimacy of franchise and legislative apportionment bodies of doctrine. The equal protection clause of the Constitution when read literally outlines the defense of some forms of racial discrimination. However, it does not immediately guarantee the right to vote, eligibility for office, or the right to serve on a jury. Additionally, the clause does not suggest that equal-facility segregation is not to be allowed. Finally, the freedom from cruel and unusual punishments as outlined in the eighth amendment loses its flexibility. In this manner, a prima facie argument against the interpretive model is evident. Without the ability to move beyond the specific wording, the Court loses its authority to protect what society values as basic human rights. A fundamental question relevant to this debate is whether or not values within our society are time-enduring or changing. When the Supreme Court makes a controversial decision, does it use the text of the Constitution to legitimize principles of natural law, social norms and arrangements? Or, is it acting as an interpreter of slowly changing values and imposing its views on society through its decisions? The Constitution is not a stagnant document; it is very much alive and changing with the times. Critics argue that the amendment process was created to allow change and that the role of the Judiciary does not include the power to change stated commands in addition to that of enforcing them. However, in many cases, the amendment process is inadequate for clarification of issues of human rights. A great virtue of the non-interpretive model is that the Court has the power to strike down unconstitutional legislation that allows for the Court to preserve the rights of the people. Non-interpretation then requires the application of understood codes, yet the decision-making process is far from mechanical. Critics contest that the Court should not have the ability to interpret societal values in a given period of time. However, as has been shown, history has upheld this tradition. A number of questions now arise. Is it practically wise to place the responsibility to define and protect human rights in the hands of Supreme Court Justices? The answer lies in ones interpretation of history. While it is true that the Court has made decisions that reflect its own biases and interests, it can be shown that the Court has also consistently acted to secure the rights of citizens and to limit federal and state powers. Following, is the definition and enforcement of human rights a judicial task? The adjudication of the Supreme Court over issues of human rights as opposed to this power residing in other branches of government must be answered. While there is no direct statement regarding judicial review in the Constitution, Marbury v. .ufa02ba4f77bda687e5fe00e37a6345c8 , .ufa02ba4f77bda687e5fe00e37a6345c8 .postImageUrl , .ufa02ba4f77bda687e5fe00e37a6345c8 .centered-text-area { min-height: 80px; position: relative; } .ufa02ba4f77bda687e5fe00e37a6345c8 , .ufa02ba4f77bda687e5fe00e37a6345c8:hover , .ufa02ba4f77bda687e5fe00e37a6345c8:visited , .ufa02ba4f77bda687e5fe00e37a6345c8:active { border:0!important; } .ufa02ba4f77bda687e5fe00e37a6345c8 .clearfix:after { content: ""; display: table; clear: both; } .ufa02ba4f77bda687e5fe00e37a6345c8 { display: block; transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; width: 100%; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #95A5A6; } .ufa02ba4f77bda687e5fe00e37a6345c8:active , .ufa02ba4f77bda687e5fe00e37a6345c8:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #2C3E50; } .ufa02ba4f77bda687e5fe00e37a6345c8 .centered-text-area { width: 100%; position: relative ; } .ufa02ba4f77bda687e5fe00e37a6345c8 .ctaText { border-bottom: 0 solid #fff; color: #2980B9; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0; padding: 0; text-decoration: underline; } .ufa02ba4f77bda687e5fe00e37a6345c8 .postTitle { color: #FFFFFF; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 600; margin: 0; padding: 0; width: 100%; } .ufa02ba4f77bda687e5fe00e37a6345c8 .ctaButton { background-color: #7F8C8D!important; color: #2980B9; border: none; border-radius: 3px; box-shadow: none; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 26px; moz-border-radius: 3px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-height: 80px; background: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/plugins/intelly-related-posts/assets/images/simple-arrow.png)no-repeat; position: absolute; right: 0; top: 0; } .ufa02ba4f77bda687e5fe00e37a6345c8:hover .ctaButton { background-color: #34495E!important; } .ufa02ba4f77bda687e5fe00e37a6345c8 .centered-text { display: table; height: 80px; padding-left : 18px; top: 0; } .ufa02ba4f77bda687e5fe00e37a6345c8 .ufa02ba4f77bda687e5fe00e37a6345c8-content { display: table-cell; margin: 0; padding: 0; padding-right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%; } .ufa02ba4f77bda687e5fe00e37a6345c8:after { content: ""; display: block; clear: both; } READ: Soldiers Of Destruction By Charles W. Sydnor, Jr: Eicke’S Cultivation Of Elitism Essay Madison is referenced here as the greatest of all cases justifying this judicial power. Thus arises the penultimate question of the authority of the Supreme Court. Constitutional adjudication was allowed for implicitly by the Founding Fathers. Only some of the principles of higher law were written down in the original document; however, the distinction between those .